ELISA Reader: Principle, Components, Applications, and Technological Advances | |
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) has become a cornerstone technique in clinical diagnostics, biomedical research, and environmental monitoring due to its high specificity, sensitivity, and reproducibility. At the heart of this assay lies the ELISA Reader, a specialized optical instrument designed to quantify the signal generated by ELISA reactions. This article provides a comprehensive overview of ELISA Readers, covering their working principle, key components, diverse applications, and recent technological advancements. 1. Fundamental Principle of ELISA Reader The ELISA Reader operates based on the principle of photometry, which measures the intensity of light transmitted through or reflected from a sample. In an ELISA assay, an enzyme (e.g., horseradish peroxidase, HRP; alkaline phosphatase, AP) is conjugated to an antibody or antigen. When the enzyme encounters its specific substrate, a chemical reaction occurs, producing a colored product, fluorescent signal, or chemiluminescent emission. The ELISA Reader detects and quantifies this signal, which is directly proportional to the concentration of the target analyte (e.g., proteins, antibodies, hormones, pathogens) in the sample. Three primary detection modes are employed by modern ELISA Readers, each tailored to different assay formats: • Colorimetry: The most common mode, where the reader measures the absorbance of visible light (typically 405–650 nm) by the colored product. Absorbance values are converted to analyte concentrations using a standard curve. • Fluorometry: Uses a light source (e.g., xenon lamp) to excite fluorescent molecules in the sample, then detects the emitted light at a longer wavelength. This mode offers higher sensitivity than colorimetry and is ideal for low-abundance analytes. • Chemiluminescence: Detects the light emitted during a chemical reaction (no external light source required). It provides the highest sensitivity, making it suitable for ultra-low concentration measurements (e.g., viral antigens, cytokines). https://www.huataihehe.com/product/ELISA-reader.html ![]() | |
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